Therapeutic ultrasound ameliorates hyperalgesia and edema on CFA-induced persistent inflammatory response in mice

Abstract Background: The present study investigated the effects of pulsed and continuous ultrasound (USP and USC) in edema and hyperalgesia after chronic inflammatory process induced by Complete Freund's Adjuvant-CFA and analyzing the relationship of the application frequency of ultrasound, in pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine production. Methods: Forty-five animals were divided into 9 groups; all animals from groups 2 to 9 were subjected to a persistent inflammation model induced by CFA in mice. We report the effects and the underlying action mechanisms of USP and USC in the animals which were irradiated two, three or five times a week on the left hind paw. The analyses performed in this study were: evaluation of hind paw edema through the plethysmometer, evaluation of thermal hyperalgesia through withdrawal test using a water container at 44.5°C (± 0.5°C), and the plantar region of the left paw which was removed for analysis of cytokines. Results: Our results showed that USP and USC consistently reduced paw edema, and pulsed ultrasound showed a higher significant effect than the continuous mode. Moreover, groups with irradiation frequency of five times a week presented an inhibition of the edema, and groups with frequency of three or two times a week reduced mainly hyperalgesia, in comparison with the control group. The beneficial effects of the US then seem to be associated with upregulation of anti- and pro-inflammatory mediators, such as IL-10 and IL-6, respectively. Conclusion: This study provided evidence that ultrasound constitutes an important non-pharmacological intervention for the management of inflammatory and pain states.

The surface electromyography analysis of the non-plegic upper limb of hemiplegic subjects / Análise da eletromiografia de superfície do membro superior não plégico de hemiplégicos

Many authors have studied physical and functional changes in individuals post-stroke, but there are few studies that assess changes in the non-plegic side of hemiplegic subjects. This study aimed to compare the electromyographic activity in the forearm muscles of spastic patients and clinically healthy individuals, to determine if there is difference between the non-plegic side of hemiplegics and the dominant member of normal individuals. 22 hemiplegic subjects and 15 clinically healthy subjects were submitted to electromyography of the flexor and extensor carpi ulnaris muscles during wrist flexion and extension. The flexor muscles activation of stroke group (average 464.6 u.n) was significantly higher than the same muscles in control group (mean: 106.3 u.n.) during the wrist flexion, what shows that the non affected side does not present activation in the standart of normality found in the control group.

Muitos autores estudaram as modificações funcionais e físicas em indivíduos pós-acidente vascular cerebral; porém, poucos estudos avaliam alterações no hemicorpo não plégico de indivíduos hemiplégicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a atividade eletromiográfica nos músculos do antebraço de pacientes espásticos e indivíduos clinicamente saudáveis, para averiguar se há diferença entre o lado não plégico de indivíduos hemiplégicos e o lado dominante de indivíduos clinicamente saudáveis. 22 indivíduos hemiplégicos e 15 clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos à eletromiografia dos músculos flexor e extensor ulnar do carpo durante a flexão e extensão do punho. A ativação dos músculos flexores dos hemiplégicos (média: 464,6 u.n), foi significantemente maior que nos indivíduos do grupo controle (média: 106,3 u.n) durante o movimento de flexão do punho, o que demonstra que o hemicorpo não acometido dos pacientes estudados não apresenta o comportamento padrão de normalidade encontrado no grupo controle.